My Grandfather And My Grandmother Essay - 1359 Words

My American roots are made up of my families traditions and history. I interviewed two family members, my grandfather and my grandmother. Each one brings a different background which made them the best option. American roots are a built by families. Each family has its own traditions and ideals. For my grandparents, their American roots were built completely different from each other. Family has a major impact on an individual s life, it is the starting point of ones American roots. My American roots are the result of my family. Where do your American roots come from? I chose to interview both my grandfather and grandmother because they were raised in two very different environments. My grandfather was born and raised in Fairbury, Illinois. His father was a farmer and owned a very large chicken farm. My grandfather had two brothers and two sisters. He was the youngest out of them all. Being raised in a farm is not something everyone can relate to. Farms in American are very symbolic because they represent hard work, dedication, patients, and history. My grandfather was to work on the farm when he was not busy with school work. His family was big on education because they saw it as a necessary tool to have in life. When my grandfather wasn’t farming, he was studying. My grandfather was very athletic as well. He played football, basketball, and baseball in high school. Sports can be seen to some as a contributing factor to â€Å"American roots† because sports have played a bigShow MoreRelatedMy Grandmother And My Grandfather975 Words   |  4 Pagesinterviewing my grandmother I have come to respect the changes her and my grandfather made within their own family. My grandmother and grandfather grew up in a home where their mothers were always cooking and their fathers were never home. Dinnertime was never a time their parents believed was important. They decided together that when they had children of their own they would make things different. My g randfather always made us breakfast and drove us to school, and no matter what meal it was my sistersRead MoreMy Grandfather By My Grandmother1480 Words   |  6 PagesBy my mom and two of her sisters, my grandfather is called dad, but my Aunt Marcia addresses him as Jack Bronder. My maternal grandfather passed away before I was born, but that is not to say his life does not hold a standing presence in my family today, especially for my Aunt Marcia. The man that I imagine as my grandfather is created only by stories passed down to me, but the story that stands out to me the most is the one told by my Aunt Marcia. Marcia Warren is my mother’s oldest sister, andRead MoreBeginning: Let me first explain the Grell family. My Grandfather David Grell and Grandmother Linda600 Words   |  3 Pagesfamily. My Grandfather David Grell and Grandmother Linda Grell currently live in Prior Lake, Minnesota. Grandpa owns a construction business, while grandma is a high school secretary. My mother, Laura Todd, the first of three daughters, lives in Sioux Rapids Iowa with my Father Kerby, and works at Buena Vista University. My Aunt, Angie Mendrzychowski, the middle child, married to my Uncle Steve, and is currently living in Shakopee, Minnesota. My Aunt, Jackie Antonie, recently married my Uncle TonyRead MoreThe Secret At The Antique Store1149 Words   |  5 PagesThe Secret at the Antique Store My grandfather had been working in his old antique shop since before he and my grandmother got married. He had tons of antiques from I don t even know what age. On the weekends, I would help him run the shop, but one day, I had to work longer than I expected, for my grandfather had gotten an emergency call from the hospital. This is where my story begins. I had been working at the shop all day with the occasional ring of the front door bell. In totalRead MoreGenogram: Family and Grandmother Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pages My whole entire family, on both my mother and father side, are practicing Catholics. Even though, we are all different ethnicity within my mother and fathers family we are similar in religious belief. I have a close relationship with my family. My example of a good relationship is my mother and grandmother interaction with one another. They are so awesome to be around, they act like they are still in their youths. For example, when we go to my grandmother home for holidays my mother hasRead MoreMy Grandmother - Original Writing Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagesmyself sitting across from my grandmother named Nancy Parish whom my family nicknamed â€Å"Meme†. We met at her favorite lunch spot, Nordstrom’s cafà ©, which was a halfway point between my apartment and her log cabin home. My sixty-seven-year-old grandmother told me she was tickled pink and delighted that she was being interviewed for my final paper. For this interview, I decided to focus on her marriage to my grandfather named Wade whom we nicknamed â€Å"Papa Wade†. My grandfather passed away from lung cancerRead MoreI Am A Single Mother847 Words   |  4 Pagesevery day. I then thought of my Grandma Hicks. She is the most caring person I know. She cared for my grandfather for the majority of their marriage due to his physical disability. I decided to write about my grandmother. Grandpa Hicks was a disabled veteran. He served our country in the Korean War and returned home wonded. He was not able to walk well upon his return. My grandmother cared for him once they were married. They were together for 50 years until my grandfather passed away in April 2015Read MoreLiving With My Grandparents At Home781 Words   |  4 PagesLiving with my grandparents since the day I was born; I took a weekend away from home to get a break from the nagging in my ear all the time. My grandparents were not the normal â€Å"stay at home† people. At the ages of 78 and 91 they still like to get around. After I left, they took advantage of the fact that they didn’t have to watch me for 3 days, so they went to the Casino. By the way, that’s their favorite spot. They went on the boat, ate, and enjoyed themselves. My grandmother loved playing theRead MorePersonal Narrative : Being An Italian American781 Words   |  4 Pagesbe proud of my Italian heritage. From the young age of four or five, I can remember sitting in the kitchen while my grandmother and great-grandmother would be cooking and they would tell me how my great-great grandparents immigrated to the United States from Calabria. They told me how my great-great -grandfather came with little money and could not speak English. He worked in the mines and sold wood on the side in order to make a living. A few years later, he met my great-grandmother when she immigratedRead MoreMy Experience At The Genogram Assignment Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesam as a person and where some of my characteristics stem from. Often times, when comparing oneself to a sibling or relative, we only look at the physical appearances, me included. After completing my family’s Genogram, I’ve also learned more about my family then I did previously. Who knew my Great Grandfather and Great Grandmother had nineteen siblings combined! My Great Grandfather had nine and my Great Grandmother had ten. Throughout this paper, I will discuss my family’s historical, cultural, lifestyle

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt s President Of The...

â€Å"President Franklin Delano Roosevelt† The American political system today is flowing incredibly well, despite looking at disputes between political candidates and parties. Have you ever wondered how laborious and demanding it is running a country while receiving high criticism, negativity, and undergoing stressful times? I believe all of the United States presidents’ have worked hard to improve the economy and the lives of U.S. citizens. Politics are often confused and referred to as corrupt, but I think it is a huge challenge getting elected to office to help your country and people. Most important, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt did a very inspiring and motivating job as the president of the United States. President Roosevelt had a†¦show more content†¦Franklin Roosevelt then decided to impress the adults by applying on the teachings of a headmaster at Groton named Endicott Peabody, who urged students on public service and helping the less fortunate . Roosevelt graduated from Groton in 1900. Moreover, he then attended Harvard University. Surprisingly, even though FDR was an average C student, he achieved much at Harvard. Roosevelt was the member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity and the editor of the Harvard Crimson newspaper. Franklin Roosevelt earned his degree at Harvard in three years. On the other hand, during his last year at Harvard, he got engaged to his fifth cousin, also known as his idol Theodore Roosevelt’s niece, Eleanor Roosevelt. Franklin and Eleanor married on March 17, 1905. Subsequently, Roosevelt attended Columbia University Law School and passed the bar exam in 1907, although he did not earn his degree. Thereafter, he spent three years practicing corporate law in New York, while living the upper-class life. After the time period, he found law quite restrictive as well as boring, so he looked up to something different that would be worth more achievement. Primarily, FDR’s journey in politics sta rted at the age of 28, when he was invited to run New York Senate in 1910. Roosevelt ran in a 32 year Republican voted district, as a Democrat. He campaigned with a lot of effort and won the election, due to his fame and

The Role Of Police Officers And Deviant Behaviors Within...

MANDEEP SINGH 300183867 INTRO TO POLICING 1120 November 20, 2013 CIVILIAN OVERSIGHT Police work is a highly taxing and combative job where situations get aggravated in split seconds. Either patrolling a notorious neighbourhood, chasing a criminal on the streets or getting in a cross-fire with the suspect ,life is always on the edge. The tough choices made in these irksome situations are highly subject to the Police officers’ power to exercise his discretion. But with having discretionary power, police officers are also accountable for their conduct with the public and other members of the criminal justice system. The term civilian oversight refers to a practice under which law enforcement procedures by the police is reviewed and the misconduct is judged by the civilians. From many years it has been a controversial issue of who should policing the police for the deviant behaviors existing in police environment . There is no doubt that police officers must be held accountable for the deviant behaviors or the actions they take which are against the law. POLICE DESCRETION The quality of decision making decides the quality of policing . Many cognitive factors are involved in making decisions. Police officers have the authority to use force to ensure that laws are upheld and public safety and security maintained. But in recent years, a number of community groups have mounted public campaigns for civilian oversight of police complaint processes, as theShow MoreRelatedDeviance And Its Effect On Society Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesDeviance is any behavior that does not conform to the dominant norms or values in a society or social group. Deviance can be either non-criminal or criminal. In today’s society, citizens view deviance behavior as activities that are associated with alcoholism, larceny, lying, gambling, cross-dressing, walking around nude in public places, and so forth. These are just a few examples of what societal members view as deviance. People who decide to engage in such behavior are declared to be deviants. Th e conceptRead MoreA Theory That Builds Upon Conflict Theory1703 Words   |  7 Pagesexamine why some officers exhibit deviant behaviors and why other officers do not is Symbolic Interactionism. Using this theory, I will examine the police targeting of citizens, more specifically the politically ostracized, and the spatial and temporal contexts in which this specific targeting occurs. Symbolic Interactionism gives emphasis on the individual meanings and the influences that socialization has when explaining the micro or individual level on interactions between the police and the politicallyRead MoreInmate Tattoos2493 Words   |  10 Pages Police Corruption The law enforcement role has authority and power in any society, and often that power is combined with the ability to make discretionary decisions that may profoundly affect the lives of the people in the community. With abundant power and authority, the temptation for corruption occurs. Police corruption is one major type of police misconduct, and has been known throughout history. According to Pollock (2012), â€Å"police corruption does not occur justRead MoreThe Theory Of Criminal Justice System1544 Words   |  7 Pagesthe criminal justice system. One of these key perspectives is the social control perspective. Social control theory lets us understand and lower levels of criminal activity. The idea is that an individual’s basic belief system fosters a lawful environment. People who have beliefs and commitments generally have enough self control over their actions and are able to stay on the good side of the law. Travis Hirshi was the creator of the social control theory, first known as the social bondRead MoreDiversity Experience : Lgbt Context889 Words   |  4 Pagesleading up to the role colleges and universities have in the United States in bringing awareness to the social awakening concerning LGBT issues. By changing curricula, higher education raises awareness of its faculty and students. This provides a safer environment for LGBT students, and helps prepare heterosexual and cisgender students for the diverse world they will encounter after leaving their college/university. Early efforts to understand the range of human sexual behavior came from EuropeanRead MorePolice Corruption2291 Words   |  10 Pagesand discretion in police work produces great potential for abuse. Police corruption has been a problem in American society since the early days of policing. An ancient natural tendency of human beings is to attempt to placate or win over those in positions of authority over them. This tendency is complicated in today’s materialistic society by greed and by the personal and financial benefit to be derived from evading law. The temptations toward illegality offered to police range from freeRead MoreThe Influence of Geography and Social Networks on Gang Violence1520 Words   |  7 Pagesthe involvement of violent crimes and unlawful behavior as a group or even by oneself. Since these gangs are increasing in size in communities, citizens of certain areas are beginning to move out or avoid going to these locations in order to avoid becoming the next victim to one of the community gangs waiting to engage in their next deviant act. These specific areas are located in communities that are at a poverty level, toxic areas, or environments where immigration is at its highest. Law enforcementRead MoreThe Influence Of Social Influences On Development2076 Words   |  9 PagesBaltes, in his typology of social influences, discusses the idea that people develop within a particular context or setting. Development can occur in the context of family, school, friends, neighborhoods and so forth. Such settings can be influenced by social, economic, political, historical, and cultural factors. Individuals, therefore, are developing and changing, as the world is evolving. Baltes explains three different influences that have an impact on development. The first includes the history-gradedRead MoreWhat is Deviance? Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagesconformity to the social norm. Not all deviant behavior is necessarily illegal or harmful to individuals, these behaviors can range from standing in another’s personal space to murdering another individual. In some cases, it can be looked upon as a positive change or a unique and favora ble act. Although, considered deviant because it is not the social norm, it still can have a very positive social aspect or lead to social change. Culture and the societies within these cultures have a significant impactRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And The Nature Of Police Juvenile9755 Words   |  40 Pagesand the nature of police-juvenile encounters fueled most recently by the â€Å"Black Lives Matter† campaigns nationwide toward improved police-youth interactions. Yet, there are knowledge gaps on how best to proceed. There is insufficient information on the prevalence and nature of police-juvenile encounters in the rural areas of Mississippi, specifically, the Delta region. This lack of information means that policy-makers and academics are responding non-empirically to matters of police-juvenile rural encounters

Changing Hierarchies in Early America Essay - 3881 Words

Changing Hierarchies in Early America In â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity,† John Winthrop proposes to change the existing social and economic hierarchy. The old world social hierarchy divided the classes based on wealth and property. The highest class consisted of the king and royal family, then followed by the bishops. Next on the hierarchy were the nobles, gentlemen, and the wealthy. And at the bottom of the hierarchy of course, were the poor. Because of this extreme division, there was no middle ground between the wealthy and poor. That is, the old world hierarchy allowed the rich to hold power over the poor. The poor would live and work on the land in exchange for protection from the wealthy. In other words, the poor had to work as†¦show more content†¦If you love someone, they will love you back. This will of course lead to a better economy and society. When people love each other, they are able to step beyond the divisions placed on them by society. If people are willing to step past those divis ions and aid each other, then the class systems become unimportant. This mobility will bring the rich closer to the poor while at the same time allowing the poor to rise higher to the level of the rich. In addition, Winthrop explains that if people love each other, that God will â€Å"delight to dwell among †¦ His own people† (158). In other words, the presence of God will encourage them in being successful. Then the ideals of the Massachusetts Bay Colony will spread, along with the concept of God’s love. Even though Winthrop began his argument by affirming the old world social hierarchy, by the end of his sermon he has created a community of love. Winthrop’s steps set up an ideal, harmonious Christian community, mostly free of the divisions caused by social differences. This is remarkable because he is changing the ideals for the new world. A community of love is the beginning of a republic. Winthrop is setting up Americans to create a democratic society by instilling in everyone the concept of the community of love. Anne Bradstreet also wanted to create a community of love. However, she takes Winthrop’s idea of a community of love a step further. In addition toShow MoreRelatedThe Naturalization Process During The Late 19th And Early 20th Century1486 Words   |  6 PagesIn the late 19th and early 20th century, immigrants began seeking citizenship through naturalization. With a massive influx of immigrants that were not clearly White or Black, the government needed to establish racial definitions. There was a notion of superiority that was associated with being â€Å"white†. When immigrants soon realized the value and importance of â€Å"whiteness† in America’s society, they quickly applied for citizenship. In response to their movement, the government created racial and non-racialRead MoreThe Theory Of Management And Management1690 Words   |  7 PagesMary parker and Max Weber. Even manager today wou ld need to used or learn one or more of their strategies or even mixed management to make sure organization run effective and efficiently to this constant and complex changing world. Motivation of need and want are continuously changing in this rapidly world, manager are need to require to understand and identify what employees requirement and satisfaction level in 21st century, thus by recruiting the right person to the right spot manager will needRead MoreJohannes Linden Managing the global exe1677 Words   |  7 Pagesmanufacture of large households Appliances and also expanded its business across the globe. FWD division was divided initially into three geographic regions: Asia, Europe and the America. After becoming Director of FWD in 2004, Johannes Linden restructured the geographic regions from three to six ( i.e. South America, North America, Europe North Africa, China South East Asia, Japan-Korea Australia and India Indonesia) to get all aligned with the strategic division for FWD. After implementing theRead MoreWhy the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer842 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Robert B. Reich, Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer Reich starts his exordium with a distribution of where American workers found themselves in the early 1990’s in reference to where almost all American workers were just 20 years before. Reich placed most of the workers that contributed to the economy during the Nixon administration as being in one boat, analogous to the famous quote by G.K. Chesterton, â€Å"We are all in the same boat, in a stormy sea, and we owe each other a terribleRead MoreSocial Construction Theory Of The National Football League1403 Words   |  6 Pageseligibility left, to pursue a dream of playing in the National Football League. This year alone, 101 athletes will be forgoing their remaining years of college eligibility to enter the NFL draft. Thus representing a staggering increase from the 40 early entrants in 2007 (Heitner). This decision seems deceptive, in that it appears explicitly based on utility maximization and the traditional economic theory of Becker and Stigler. That model does provide a n adequate explanation based on set universalRead MoreThe Issues Regarding Race, Culture, And.1557 Words   |  7 Pagesof slavery and the rising resentment against immigrants. Since the horrific terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, Security concerns have understandably increased, but so too has racial profiling, discrimination etc. In the early aftermath of the attacks some Americans that were understandably outraged and horrified, even attacked some members of the Sikh community where at least one was even killed, because they resembled certain types of Muslims, with beards and turbans.Read MoreCharles Fayol And Max Weber Relevant Today s World1303 Words   |  6 PagesManagement theories are forever changing due to changes in the corporate environment, but â€Å"are the early management theories espoused by such proponents as Henri Fayol, Mary Parker Follett and Max Weber relevant in today s world?† All three of these historical figures were pion eers in management early in the 20th century, all came from extremely different backgrounds and even continents. They had very different priorities when it came to management, starting with Henri Fayol. Fayol was a FrenchRead MoreThe Theory Of Management Is Important Part Of Any Business Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesbest approach for managers to take? How can employers use the idea of motivation within their management approach, to achieve a true competitive advantage? From the moment that the labour shortage hit the United States of America, during the industrial revolution, back in the early 1900s, theorists around the world have been attempting to answer this very question. With the two main ideas being the classical perspective and the behavioural approach, there are a number of key differences between theRead MoreGlobalization, Efficiency and Loneliness1414 Words   |  6 Pagesin this globalizing world is because it creates cheaper products. To illustrate, similar to the a rticle In China, the Human Costs That Are Built Into an iPad in the New York Time by Charlies Guhigg and David Barboza, the iPhones are designed in America and made in China because Chinese factories can produce the iPhones faster and cheaper than American factories. In other words, globalization corporation is looking for efficiency in time and money. However, , this kind of efficiency is built on theRead MoreThe International Typographic Style By Josef Muller Brockman1410 Words   |  6 PagesFormally known as the International Typographic Style, this Swiss design movement originated in Switzerland during the 1950’s as a direct influence from the modernization of graphic culture. As popularity for social use of visuals evolved, as did the changing conceptualization of structuring typographic elements. The philosophy of this graphic period was centralized around the creation of purity through scientific design in which mathematical minimalism was utilized to bring focus to the content. Ernst

Report On Philippine History Free Essays

In 1839, Apolinario de la Cruz went to Manila to pursue priestly vocation under the Dominican order. He was not accepted on the gro8und that he was an Indio for the reason of all religious orders was closed to indios. In June 1840, Apolinario, known as Hermano Pule returned to Lucban, Tayabas Province, and founded the Confradia de San Jose, a nationalist fellowship which fostered the praise of Christian virtues. We will write a custom essay sample on Report On Philippine History or any similar topic only for you Order Now On November 1, 1841, LT. Col. Joaquin Huet, launched a massive assault on Alitao, killing hundreds of defenseless old men and women and children. Hermano Pule was captured the following evening at Barrio Ibanga and was executed on November 4, 1841. 24. MUSLIM WARS (1578-1898) The Spaniards made attempts to subdue the inhabitants of Mindanao by deploying its military forces in the South. The Muslims on the other hand, valiantly resisted and repulsed the colonizers. They retaliated by raiding territories under Spanish rule with varying degrees of intensity. The war between the Muslim Filipinos and the Spaniards lasted for more than 300 years. The Muslim wars were brought about by the Spanish invasion of Mindanao and Sulu, preservation of Islam, and the love of adventure arising from the spoils of wars. In 1597, the Spanish colonizers tried to seize Jolo and force the sultanate into submission. The Governor ordered the pacification of the place and payment of tribute by inhabitants to the colonial government. 25. THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM Nationalism was said to have rooted from a strong feeling among populace that they belong to the same race. Such sentiment has not yet existed in the Philippines prior to the 19th century. Although the cultural traits of the early Filipinos had striking similarities, their linguistic differences as well as the local autonomy of each political unit in the archipelago barely yielded to the development of this national sentiment. The absence of adequate means of transportation and communication made the situation even more dismal. The following have been regarded in history as factors that gave rise to Filipino Nationalism: 1. Spread of liberalism. When Spain exposed the Philippines to international commerce in the late 18th and 19th century, liberal ideas from Europe filtered in. the thoughts of political philosophers were made known through books and periodicals brought into the country by men from foreign ports. 2. Sentiment against the principales. There was a mounting dissatisfaction against the principales accommodated as intermediaries of the Spanish government from the inception of its colonial rule. 3. Racial prejudice. The Spaniards commonly regarded the Filipino natives as belonging to the inferior race and haughtily called them as indios. The preconceived notion of the Spanish colonizers that the natives could not rise beyond their limited intelligence instigated the enlightened Filipinos to struggle for equality. 4. Cultural changes. The educational reforms of 1863 dramatically improved the standards of education in the primary level. With the implementation of a new education system, qualified Filipinos were able to pursue higher education. 5. Secularization controversy. The mandatory provision of the council of Trent affirmed that secular priests be appointed to administer the parishes in the colony. Due to lack of secular priests, pope pius V issued in 1567, upon the request of King Philip II, the Exponi Nobis, which allowed the regular clergy to serve as parish priests without diocesan authorization and be exempted from bishops’ authority. 6. Cavite mutiny of 1872. In 1868, a revolution led by the liberals in Spain deposed Queen Isabella II and gave rise to the provisional republic of spain. With the victory of the Spanish revolution, many colonial officials with democratic iseals were sent to Manila, which included Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre in 1869. La Solidaridad (solidarity) A purely Filipino organization Established in Barcelona on December 31,1888 Galiciano Apacible was the president and Graciano Lopez Jaena as vice-president. To make known of the objectives of their propaganda, Lopez Jaena founded a fortnightly newspaper, it was entitled la solidaridad. It was printed in Barcelona from February 15- October 31, 1889 then in Madrid, from November 15,1889 until its last issue on November 15, 1895. 27. THE KATIPUNAN Some of the men of la liga Filipina found out that peaceful agitation for reforms was not enough. So they opted for the country’s freedom more than anything else. Andres Bonifacio was one of them. This faction pledged to continue supporting the propaganda movement in Spain. One of the night of July 7, 1892, Bonifacio and his friends met secretly at deodato arellano’s house. They decided to form a secret revolutionary society, modeled in part on Masonic order called kataastaasang kagalang-galangang katipunan ng mga anak ng bayan otherwise known as K. K. K or katipunan, decided to national independence through armed revolution. How to cite Report On Philippine History, Papers

Carbon Nanotube Desktop Reactor with Plasma - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCarbon Nanotube Desktop Reactor with Plasma. Answer: Introduction Carbon nanotubes show enormous panorama in uses through many industries such as the electronics and radical compounds. Growing isolated carbon nanotube is usually required most of these uses. Chemical vapour deposition procedures are now a routine in growing of carbon nanotubes. Chemical vapour deposition can support the growth of dense medium of elevated carbon nanotubes though cannot generate vertical carbon nanotubes. The latest study suggests that including plasma to carbon vapour deposition procedure can significantly enhance the possibility of developing vertical Carbon nanotubes.(Bishop, 2013) Benefits of adding plasma It helps in decomposing reactant gases used in the production of nanotubes. Generates an electric field that helps in the vertical alignment of the carbon nanotubes. Injects additional energy.(Chopra, 2012) Background research reveals four principal means of generating plasma for the plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition systems: direct current, inductively coupled, RF triode and microwave. Plasma enhanced vapour deposition methods are mainly classified into three modules, and another associate module design: plasma coil, reaction chamber, electronics, controllers of operational condition, substrate holder and the heating assembly. Customer necessities and provisions are used in providing a guideline for the formulation of the initial concepts pertaining every module. (Huimin Liu, 2013) The ultimate design fits into 0.457m by 0.457m base platter and height within 0.305m. Reaction chamber comprises three orthogonal tubes mutually intersecting at the midpoint. A quartz tube is fixed at the end of one its tubes. A plasma wind is done on the tube to aide ignition of the reactant gases as they enter reaction chamber. Full substrate holder, adjustable electrode and the heating process get packed in one tray thats able to slide into or out of reaction chamber. The infrared sensor and the chamber are designed into a stand containing a linear bearing thats suitable for the purpose opening and closing of the chamber. (Jiyang Fan, 2014) The whole chamber comprises commercially available assembled components, with the electrode, system tray, heat sink, and system stand and substrate system.(Franssila, 2010) Design modules Essentially, a reaction chamber is the flundamental element of all plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition systems hence much effort is accorded to it in terms of design. Its this chamber that houses the process of nanotube growth as well as plasma generation. It comprises of viewports, chamber walls, in and out reactant gas passage and an electrical feed. The rest of the modules depend on reaction chamber design. The internal chamber as a module hugely relies on reaction chambers interior geometry. Therefore, concepts needed to be employed for reaction chamber design first, before much effort was afforded the other modules.(Sharpe, 2009)A pumping system, infrared sensor and fittings are selected to enhance the process of making controllers of an operating condition. As for the supporting electronics and plasma coil, a matching network, power supply and coil design are developed. An electrode assembly is designed as an extra design work in the internal chamber assemblage. Strategies for plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition Local plasma, plasma is created right over the substrate through growing environment. Remote plasma, plasma is generated separately from the growing environment after which its made to flow to the substrate. (Zhang, 2012)The main drawback of remote plasma is that weaker electric field necessary for nanotubes vertical alignment for vertical alignment of the nanotubes is easily overcome by any independent electric field separately generated near the substrate. Thus majority design concepts employ remote plasma.(Popov, 2008) Concept Summary Seven concepts as illustrated in the figures below were generated for this design with two of the catering for every type of the geometry chamber. All the concepts utilized both the local and plasma approaches. Materials used as stainless and quartz. Adjustable electrode stands out as a key design module here. The box section containing plasma system has antennae have the shape of a heating coil, located on the outer side of the chamber to aide ignition of the local plasma. The front section is open to facilitate substrate access. Remote plasma disjoins the electric field and power source. The section box containing inductive plasma helps create the remote plasma that moves in the chamber. One is required to open gas outlet end thereby providing for substrate access. The tube holding the remote plasma helps in adding that plasma to the chemical vapour deposition system with the oven as a heat source. Direct current substrate bias and remotely inducted plasma the above tube design employs the use of use of one quartz tube through which plasma is created using a coil at one end. The electrodes placed on opposite end allow for voltage supply. Pyrex cross design from commercial Pyrex cross has two ends, one for sample loading and the other one for plasma generation. A cross design (six-way) can also be generated in a number of ways. A steel chamber and spherical Pyrex with local plasma are also designed with the hemispherical Pyrex that allows us to view substrate through nanotube growth. Adjustable Electrode Sub module Comprises of the automatic adjustment which employs the use of a direct current motor the two wheels responsible for moving the electrode up and down. The seal has to be made dynamic enough to enhance electrode movement at a constant pressure difference within the chamber and atmosphere. There is also manual adjustment which uses a wound rod with the electrode attached to it. Rotation of the rod ensures that the electrode moves up and down.(Vossen, 2017) Discussions and Observations Laboratory research by most lab users who have tried different chemical vapour deposition setups helps us make a choice among the two leading concepts of design. The vast experience among laboratory users enables them to interact with most useful features that are essential in improving the system usability. Watching the lab users setup, grow the carbon nanotubes also enables us to understand the handling of the samples. Professional interaction with lab technicians doing plasma research helps greatly in making the decision on the remote and local plasma. Furthermore, they provide information involving the advantages of both sources of plasma as well as a valuable necessary consultation knowledge on a suitable method of generating plasma. Final Concept Remotely inductive plasma source allows easy decoupling of the plasma as well as controlling the electric field. Its also essential in improving system adjustability. Besides, it is relatively cheaper compared to microwave plasma and provides for a cleaner operation (Ostrikov, 2007) Therefore, exploring the option of six-arms cross provides for an enormous adjustment to be made in the coming times.(Vladimirov, 2005)Hence the choice of a cross design. With limited project time frame, buying the chamber parts the components helps in ensuring that the parts assembled are easily capable of holding the vacuum as well as save on time that could be used machining them.(Ramesh, 2009) Final Design The final designing program is put in three sectional assemblies as seen the figure below. They include; Reaction chamber- quartz tube that holds plasma and the body. Internal chamber- entails heating mechanisms, the electrode and the substrate holding. Base and supports entails chamber supports, internal tray support, IR sensor with its support and the overall base support for other bases. The whole setup is shown below; Chamber Design In making a design decision for the chamber, the cross geometry is purchased as its more flexible and has a huge range of standard components available to select from in choosing this. All of its projections attain Klein Flanges standards set by ISO thus allows profoundly easy fit all together. The gas is streamed through a fitting outlined in the diagram below. It then travels the quartz tube that is attached to two connect fittings to allow for easy exchange of fresh tubes as well as the tubes with different lengths. This tube is then wound with a copper wire, then linked to a plasma-producing generator. Another quick connection is then provided, to connect quartz tube with the other left end in the six-way cross-chamber. The upper and back The upper and back projection in this chamber has a number of cordial glass avenues that enable us to view the internal features as the lower projection helps us achieve an optical access to the IR sensor. The front projection allows for an elec trical feeding passage consisting of individual eight sealed pressure copper pins. Thereafter, the gas flows out through the standard KF projection that is attached to the steel hose connected to the vacuum pump. Internal Chamber Assembly This chamber performs the task of giving mutual support to every element used in carbon nanotube making process. The essential section of assembly encompasses a system tray, that is connected to electrical feed through projection by use of a set of screw collars and steel pins (dowel pins). These pins are then pressed to fit in the projection and slip to exactly fit into the system tray. The lower three pins holding electric feed into the system can be removed to help knock off any interference they may bring to the system tray. (Seshan, 2012) There are two rods in the grooves laid tray system, whose main role is supporting the gathering of the substrate and keeping it isolated electrically from the chamber and the system tray. Substrate assemblage comprises a heating element that is resistive (silicon) and the heat sinks (two). The heating element provides support to the substrate. The heat sinks hold the heating element, as well as allowing current through it, enabling it to heat up the substrate in the long run. The second figure below gives an outlook of how a heat sink is constructed(Mattox, 2016). To create the electric field, an electrode is used. It is supported by the quartz rods vertically set in the tray system. Silver tipped screw sets are then used to control the height. The electrode and the heat sinks are connected to one of the feed pins each separately. The remaining two pins will be used in the removable thermocouple for the purpose of IR sensor calibration. Lastly, the connection between the actual clamps, wires, is determined. (Popov, 2008) Base and Supports The base plate is made of alluminium and also holds the chamber supports, which are mounted to it. The supports help in keeping a fixed height of the chamber. It is also the base support into which the IR sensor is screwed. The stand for IR sensor gives a provision for adjusting the sensor vertically for the purpose of proper calibration to an appropriate height. The support for the system tray keeps the internal structures with system tray at the desired height designed. This holder, system tray, helps in proper adjustment of the stand aligning it with the chamber through an efficient vertical motion it provides. This holder is designed to be able to slide on the rail thus allowing movement of system tray completely from the chamber, as shown in the figure below. Essentially, its useful in substrate loading and off-loading, in the growing of the carbon nanotubes, enhancing cleaning of the whole system tray through its complete removal and replacement of the heating elements. Analysis regarding usability; INITIAL SET-UP Support the projection with the substrate frame on the slot of the chamber and then fix the gas to the tube inlet thereafter fix the pump to the chamber outlet. Slide the projection with substrate into the chamber and link every electrical feed from the projection supporting substrate to the electrodes. Put the substrate into a holder and then slide it gently and finish all the electrical links through the projections by linking the direct current power supply with the feed through. Link the coil with marching network, marching network and power source then the controller of the automatic network marching. Ensure all viewports and projections are in right positions.(Seshan, 2012) PROCESS SET-UP Induce a low pressure in the chamber by introducing inert gas like helium and open the gas flow while ensuring a desired rate of flow. Now put on the power source maintaining a desirable power level using an option of forwarding power in the generator, then wait until the generation of plasma in quartz tube is done, ensuring that the impedance source of 50 Ohms equals plasma impedance. After carbon nanotube reaches the desirable levels, put off the power source, vacuum and flow rates. Give it some minutes before embarking on dismounting of substrate stand and the flange in order to gain substrate access. Detach all the electrical connections carefully then take out the substrate. In case a direct current source is used instead, for power generation, then the electrode would have to be removed before getting an access to the substrate.(Popov, 2008) Validation Plan In ensuring that the project meets engineering specifications, a number of required experiments have to be conducted(Etching, 2008). All of the mandatory tests to be performed are provided in the figure below, in an order of low priority in their undertaking. To avoid help avoid failure in some parts, wall temperatures and pressure of the chamber are checked and controlled. A calibrated IR sensor is used in measuring temperature, whose analysis helps determine if the required conditions are achieved, and the pressure measured by a pressure gauge. Plasma creation is visually seen through its ignition in the clear quartz tube. A confirmation of the growth of carbon nanotubes is achieved through the viewing of certain black growth occurring on the wafer or scanning by electronic microscope. Finally, SEM will go on to prove that this system has the capacity to produce isolated nanotubes vertically.(Franssila, 2010) Risks and Countermeasures During the process of the undertaking of the project work, there is a certain foreseeable risk level that basically needs to be factored in the process of project work plan. It's therefore essential that we formulate the necessary measures to counteract these risks involved in the implementation process. Proper handling of such issues greatly helps in making the project within the stipulated timelines. The table below gives a summary of anticipated risks, problems as well as associated countermeasures (Vossen, 2017) Conclusion Evaluation of the above design concepts desires that a rating against the five critical criteria (adjustability, substrate access, fabrication ease, cost and size) be done to help come up with the best two options. System adjustability helps in increasing the rate of use of the system while at the same time reducing the ownership cost of the customer. Substrate accessibility enhances reduction in time between experiments as well as sample swapping between experiments. Easy fabrication enhances efficient assembling of the system thus meeting customer requirements profoundly. Cost as critical criteria helps keep in check project budget level reasonably well for the system. Desktop size then is critical to suit customer requirement. Every design is rated to ascertain its strength as well as a weakness with the best two options being a remote plasma box with six-way steel cross.(Ostrikov, 2007) References Bishop, C., 2013. Vacuum Deposition onto Webs, Films, and Foils. Wilmington: Elsevier Science. Chopra, K., 2012. Thin Film Device Applications. illustrated ed. Nawanshahr: Springer Science Business Media. Ebbesen, W., 2010. Carbon Nanotubes:. illustrated ed. Chicago: CRC Press. Etching, P., 2008. Plasma Sources for Thin Film Deposition and Etching. illustrated ed. s.l.: Elsevier. Franssila, S., 2010. Introduction to Microfabrication. 2 ed. Helsinki: John Wiley Sons. Huimin, D., 2013. Diamond Chemical Vapor Deposition:. Chicago: Elsevier Science. Jiyang, C., 2014. Silicon Carbide Nanostructures: Fabrication, Structure, and Properties. illustrated ed. Hong Kong: Springer. Markku, M., 2009. Handbook of Silicon Based MEMS. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Mattox, M., 2014. Handbook of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Processing. 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